Shoulder

Frozen shoulder, medically known as Adhesive Capsulitis, is a condition characterised by stiffness, pain, and limited range of motion in the shoulder joint. It typically develops gradually over time and can be quite debilitating.

The exact cause of frozen shoulder is not always clear, but it often occurs following a period of immobility or inactivity of the shoulder joint, such as after surgery, injury, or prolonged immobilisation. Certain medical conditions like diabetes, thyroid disorders, and heart disease may also increase the risk of developing frozen shoulder.

 

The condition progresses through three main stages:

1. Freezing Stage: In this initial stage, pain gradually increases and the shoulder joint becomes increasingly stiff. Range of motion begins to diminish, making it difficult to perform everyday tasks that involve shoulder movement.

2. Frozen Stage: During this stage, the pain may begin to decrease slightly, but the stiffness in the shoulder worsens, leading to further limitations in movement. Simple activities like reaching overhead, behind the back, or across the body become extremely challenging.

3. Thawing Stage: In the final stage, the shoulder begins to gradually improve, with a gradual increase in range of motion and decrease in pain. This stage can last anywhere from several months to years.

 

Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is a common inflammatory condition that primarily affects adults over the age of 50, particularly those of Northern European descent. It is characterised by muscle pain and stiffness, typically in the shoulders, neck, upper arms, hips, and thighs.

 

Acromioclavicular (AC) joint injuries, also known as shoulder separations or AC joint sprains, are common injuries that occur at the point where the acromion (a bony projection of the shoulder blade) meets the clavicle (collarbone). The AC joint is essential for shoulder mobility and stability, and injuries to this area can result in pain, swelling, and dysfunction.

 

Biceps tendinopathy is a condition characterised by pain and dysfunction in the biceps tendon, which connects the biceps muscle to the shoulder or elbow joint. This condition can occur as a result of overuse, repetitive motion, trauma, or age-related changes in the tendon structure.

 

The biceps tendon plays a crucial role in shoulder and elbow movement, allowing for flexion and rotation of the arm. When the tendon becomes damaged or inflamed, it can lead to a range of symptoms, including:

 

Subacromial impingement is a common shoulder condition characterised by pain and dysfunction resulting from compression or irritation of the structures located in the subacromial space, which is the area between the acromion (a bony prominence of the shoulder blade) and the humeral head (the ball-shaped top of the upper arm bone). This space houses important structures such as the rotator cuff tendons and the subacromial bursa, which can become inflamed or damaged when subjected to excessive pressure or repetitive overhead movements.